Fitness mit M.A.R.K. Podcast: Abnehmen | Muskelaufbau | Ernährung | Motivation   /     Solltest Du Vitamin D einnehmen? Das sagt die Wissenschaft (#494)

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Was man teilweise über Vitamin D hört, klingt fast zu schön, um wahr zu sein. Andererseits deuten hunderte verschiedener Forschungsarbeiten darauf hin, dass Vitamin D zur Vorbeugung einer Reihe von Krankheiten beitragen kann – darunter Osteoporose, Depression, Autoimmun- und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Ärzte empfehlen es. Gesundheits- und Fitnesspodcaster sprechen darüber. Vielleicht geht Dir sogar Deine Lieblingstante damit auf die Nerven. Bei all dem Hype ist die Frage berechtigt: "Solltest Du Vitamin D einnehmen?" Hier sind die Antworten – und die neuesten Fakten über ein faszinierendes Vitamin, das ein wahrer Verwandlungskünstler ist. ____________ *WERBUNG: KoRoDrogerie.de: 5% Ermäßigung auf alles mit dem Code „FMM“ beim Checkout. ____________ Ressourcen zur Folge: Literatur: Ratgeber Nahrungsergänzung – Mark Maslow (kostenlos auf MarathonFitness) Blut: Die Geheimnisse unseres flüssigen Organs* – Ulrich Strunz (Heyne) Vitamin D* – Uwe Gröber, Michael F. Holick (Wissenschaftl. Verlagsgesellschaft) Blutuntersuchung (Selbsttest): Vitamin D Test* von Medivere Präparate: D-Form 2.000 K2+* von FormMed D-Form 2.000 K2+ vegan* von FormMed ____________ 🗞️ Kostenloser Newsletter: Schließ Dich den über 30.000 Dranbleibern an, die über den #DRNBLBR Newsletter wöchentlich neue Ideen tanken, die easy fit machen: www.dranbleiber.com. ____________ Fachliteratur: Schottker B, Haug U, Schomburg L, et al. Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):782-93. Kimball, Samantha M., and Michael F. Holick. 2020. “Official Recommendations for Vitamin D through the Life Stages in Developed Countries.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (11): 1514–18. Grammatikopoulou, Maria G., Konstantinos Gkiouras, Meletios P. Nigdelis, Dimitrios P. Bogdanos, and Dimitrios G. Goulis. 2020. “Efficacy of Vitamin D3 Buccal Spray Supplementation Compared to Other Delivery Methods: A Systematic Review of Superiority Randomized Controlled Trials.” Nutrients 12 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030691. Tripkovic, Laura, Helen Lambert, Kathryn Hart, Colin P. Smith, Giselda Bucca, Simon Penson, Gemma Chope, et al. 2012. “Comparison of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Raising Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95 (6): 1357–64. Logan, Victoria F., Andrew R. Gray, Meredith C. Peddie, Michelle J. Harper, and Lisa A. Houghton. 2013. “Long-Term Vitamin D3 Supplementation Is More Effective than Vitamin D2 in Maintaining Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status over the Winter Months.” The British Journal of Nutrition 109 (6): 1082–88. Vieth, Reinhold. 2020. “Vitamin D Supplementation: Cholecalciferol, Calcifediol, and Calcitriol.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (11): 1493–97.6 Khan, Safi U., Muhammad U. Khan, Haris Riaz, Shahul Valavoor, Di Zhao, Lauren Vaughan, Victor Okunrintemi, et al. 2019. “Effects of Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Umbrella Review and Evidence Map.” Annals of Internal Medicine 171 (3): 190–98. Michos, Erin D., Miguel Cainzos-Achirica, Amir S. Heravi, and Lawrence J. Appel. 2021. “Vitamin D, Calcium Supplements, and Implications for Cardiovascular Health: JACC Focus Seminar.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 77 (4): 437–49. Ushiroyama, Takahisa, Atushi Ikeda, and Minoru Ueki. 2002. “Effect of Continuous Combined Therapy with Vitamin K(2) and Vitamin D(3) on Bone Mineral Density and Coagulofibrinolysis Function in Postmenopausal Women.”Maturitas 41 (3): 211–21. Shea, M. Kyla, and Rachel M. Holden. 2012. “Vitamin K Status and Vascular Calcification: Evidence from Observational and Clinical Studies.” Advances in Nutrition 3 (2): 158–65. Shea, M. Kyla, Christopher J. O’Donnell, Udo Hoffmann, Gerard E. Dallal, Bess Dawson-Hughes, José M. Ordovas, Paul A. Price, Matthew K. Williamson, and Sarah L. Booth. 2009. “Vitamin K Supplementation and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium in Older Men and Women.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (6): 1799–1807. Masterjohn, Christopher. 2007. “Vitamin D Toxicity Redefined: Vitamin K and the Molecular Mechanism.” Medical Hypotheses 68 (5): 1026–34. Deng, Xinqing, Yiqing Song, Joann E. Manson, Lisa B. Signorello, Shumin M. Zhang, Martha J. Shrubsole, Reid M. Ness, Douglas L. Seidner, and Qi Dai. 2013. “Magnesium, Vitamin D Status and Mortality: Results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III.”BMC Medicine 11 (August): 187. Uwitonze, Anne Marie, and Mohammed S. Razzaque. 2018. “Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function.” The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 118 (3): 181–89. Johansson, S., and H. Melhus. 2001. “Vitamin A Antagonizes Calcium Response to Vitamin D in Man.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 16 (10): 1899–1905. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Edited by A. Catharine Ross, Christine L. Taylor, Ann L. Yaktine, and Heather B. Del Valle. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). German Nutrition Society. "New reference values for vitamin D." Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60(4):241-246. doi:10.1159/000337547 Holick, Michael F., Neil C. Binkley, Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Catherine M. Gordon, David A. Hanley, Robert P. Heaney, M. Hassan Murad, Connie M. Weaver, and Endocrine Society. 2011. “Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96 (7): 1911–30. Robert Koch Institute. 2019. "Wie ist die Vitamin-D-Versorgung in Deutschland?" https://www.rki.de/SharedDocs/FAQ/Vitamin_D/FAQ08.html, Aufruf: 21.10.2024. Amrein, Karin, Mario Scherkl, Magdalena Hoffmann, Stefan Neuwersch-Sommeregger, Markus Köstenberger, Adelina Tmava Berisha, Gennaro Martucci, Stefan Pilz, and Oliver Malle. 2020. “Vitamin D Deficiency 2.0: An Update on the Current Status Worldwide.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (11): 1498–1513. Dierkes, Jutta. 2019. "Vitamin D – eine Übersicht über die Versorgungslage und Gesundheitseffekte" Trillium Diagnostik, Labormanagement Heft 3/2019. Parva, Naveen R., Satish Tadepalli, Pratiksha Singh, Andrew Qian, Rajat Joshi, Hyndavi Kandala, Vinod K. Nookala, and Pramil Cheriyath. 2018. “Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in the US Population (2011-2012).” Cureus 10 (6): e2741. Cashman, Kevin D., Tony Sheehy, and Colette M. O’Neill. 2019. “Is Vitamin D Deficiency a Public Health Concern for Low Middle Income Countries? A Systematic Literature Review.” European Journal of Nutrition 58 (1): 433–53. Wacker, Matthias, and Michael F. Holick. 2013. “Sunlight and Vitamin D: A Global Perspective for Health.” Dermato-Endocrinology 5 (1): 51–108. Forrest, KY, Stuhldreher, WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults.  Nutr Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):48-54. Chalcraft, Jenna R., Linda M. Cardinal, Perry J. Wechsler, Bruce W. Hollis, Kenneth G. Gerow, Brenda M. Alexander, Jill F. Keith, and D. Enette Larson-Meyer. 2020. “Vitamin D Synthesis Following a Single Bout of Sun Exposure in Older and Younger Men and Women.” Nutrients 12 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082237. Silva, Mariana Costa, and Tania Weber Furlanetto. 2018. “Intestinal Absorption of Vitamin D: A Systematic Review.” Nutrition Reviews 76 (1): 60–76. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, and Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. National Academies Press. Wang, Hanmin, Weiwen Chen, Dongqing Li, Xiaoe Yin, Xiaode Zhang, Nancy Olsen, and Song Guo Zheng. 2017. “Vitamin D and Chronic Diseases.”Aging and Disease 8 (3): 346–53. Aranow, Cynthia. 2011. “Vitamin D and the Immune System.” Journal of Investigative Medicine: The Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 59 (6): 881–86. Li, Xinyi, Yan Liu, Yingdong Zheng, Peiyu Wang, and Yumei Zhang. 2018. “The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Nutrients 10 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030375. Pittas, Anastassios G., Bess Dawson-Hughes, Patricia Sheehan, James H. Ware, William C. Knowler, Vanita R. Aroda, Irwin Brodsky, et al. 2019. “Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes.” The New England Journal of Medicine 381 (6): 520–30. Kassi, Eva, Christos Adamopoulos, Efthimia K. Basdra, and Athanasios G. Papavassiliou. 2013. “Role of Vitamin D in Atherosclerosis.” Circulation 128 (23): 2517–31. Al Mheid, Ibhar, and Arshed A. Quyyumi. 2017. “Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: Controversy Unresolved.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 70 (1): 89–100. Yin, Lu, José M. Ordóñez-Mena, Tianhui Chen, Ben Schöttker, Volker Arndt, and Hermann Brenner. 2013. “Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Concentration and Total Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Preventive Medicine 57 (6): 753–64. Han, Jianmin, Xiaofei Guo, Xiao Yu, Shuang Liu, Xinyue Cui, Bo Zhang, and Hui Liang. 2019. “25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Total Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” Nutrients 11 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102295. Keum, N., and E. Giovannucci. 2014. “Vitamin D Supplements and Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Cancer 111 (5): 976–80. Earthman, C. P., L. M. Beckman, K. Masodkar, and S. D. Sibley. 2012. “The Link between Obesity and Low Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: Considerations and Implications.” International Journal of Obesity 36 (3): 387–96. Anglin, Rebecca E. S., Zainab Samaan, Stephen D. Walter, and Sarah D. McDonald. 2013. “Vitamin D Deficiency and Depression in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 202 (February): 100–107. Hughes, D. A., and R. Norton. 2009. “Vitamin D and Respiratory Health.” Clinical and Experimental Immunology 158 (1): 20–25. Baktash, Vadir, Tom Hosack, Nishil Patel, Shital Shah, Pirabakaran Kandiah, Koenraad Van den Abbeele, Amit K. J. Mandal, and Constantinos G. Missouris. 2020. “Vitamin D Status and Outcomes for Hospitalised Older Patients with COVID-19.” Postgraduate Medical Journal, August. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712. Carpagnano, G. E., V. Di Lecce, V. N. Quaranta, A. Zito, E. Buonamico, E. Capozza, A. Palumbo, G. Di Gioia, V. N. Valerio, and O. Resta. 2021. “Vitamin D Deficiency as a Predictor of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure due to COVID-19.” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 44 (4): 765–71. Schwalfenberg, Gerry K. 2011. “A Review of the Critical Role of Vitamin D in the Functioning of the Immune System and the Clinical Implications of Vitamin D Deficiency.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 55 (1): 96–108.  

Subtitle
Was man teilweise über Vitamin D hört, klingt fast zu schön, um wahr zu sein. Andererseits deuten hunderte verschiedener Forschungsarbeiten darauf hin, dass Vitamin D zur Vorbeugung einer Reihe von Krankheiten beitragen kann – darunter...
Duration
40:03
Publishing date
2024-10-21 23:00
Link
https://www.marathonfitness.de/podcast
Contributors
  Mark Maslow
author  
Enclosures
https://traffic.libsyn.com/secure/fitnessmitmark/fmm494.mp3?dest-id=213446
audio/mpeg

Shownotes

Was man teilweise über Vitamin D hört, klingt fast zu schön, um wahr zu sein.

Andererseits deuten hunderte verschiedener Forschungsarbeiten darauf hin, dass Vitamin D zur Vorbeugung einer Reihe von Krankheiten beitragen kann – darunter Osteoporose, Depression, Autoimmun- und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen.

Ärzte empfehlen es. Gesundheits- und Fitnesspodcaster sprechen darüber. Vielleicht geht Dir sogar Deine Lieblingstante damit auf die Nerven.

Bei all dem Hype ist die Frage berechtigt: "Solltest Du Vitamin D einnehmen?" Hier sind die Antworten – und die neuesten Fakten über ein faszinierendes Vitamin, das ein wahrer Verwandlungskünstler ist.

____________

*WERBUNG: KoRoDrogerie.de: 5% Ermäßigung auf alles mit dem Code „FMM“ beim Checkout.

____________

Ressourcen zur Folge:

Literatur:

Blutuntersuchung (Selbsttest):

Präparate:

____________

🗞️ Kostenloser Newsletter: Schließ Dich den über 30.000 Dranbleibern an, die über den #DRNBLBR Newsletter wöchentlich neue Ideen tanken, die easy fit machen: www.dranbleiber.com.

____________

Fachliteratur:

  1. Schottker B, Haug U, Schomburg L, et al. Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):782-93.

  2. Kimball, Samantha M., and Michael F. Holick. 2020. “Official Recommendations for Vitamin D through the Life Stages in Developed Countries.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (11): 1514–18.

  3. Grammatikopoulou, Maria G., Konstantinos Gkiouras, Meletios P. Nigdelis, Dimitrios P. Bogdanos, and Dimitrios G. Goulis. 2020. “Efficacy of Vitamin D3 Buccal Spray Supplementation Compared to Other Delivery Methods: A Systematic Review of Superiority Randomized Controlled Trials.” Nutrients 12 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030691.

  4. Tripkovic, Laura, Helen Lambert, Kathryn Hart, Colin P. Smith, Giselda Bucca, Simon Penson, Gemma Chope, et al. 2012. “Comparison of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Raising Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95 (6): 1357–64.

  5. Logan, Victoria F., Andrew R. Gray, Meredith C. Peddie, Michelle J. Harper, and Lisa A. Houghton. 2013. “Long-Term Vitamin D3 Supplementation Is More Effective than Vitamin D2 in Maintaining Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status over the Winter Months.” The British Journal of Nutrition 109 (6): 1082–88.

  6. Vieth, Reinhold. 2020. “Vitamin D Supplementation: Cholecalciferol, Calcifediol, and Calcitriol.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (11): 1493–97.6

  7. Khan, Safi U., Muhammad U. Khan, Haris Riaz, Shahul Valavoor, Di Zhao, Lauren Vaughan, Victor Okunrintemi, et al. 2019. “Effects of Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Umbrella Review and Evidence Map.” Annals of Internal Medicine 171 (3): 190–98.

  8. Michos, Erin D., Miguel Cainzos-Achirica, Amir S. Heravi, and Lawrence J. Appel. 2021. “Vitamin D, Calcium Supplements, and Implications for Cardiovascular Health: JACC Focus Seminar.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 77 (4): 437–49.

  9. Ushiroyama, Takahisa, Atushi Ikeda, and Minoru Ueki. 2002. “Effect of Continuous Combined Therapy with Vitamin K(2) and Vitamin D(3) on Bone Mineral Density and Coagulofibrinolysis Function in Postmenopausal Women.”Maturitas 41 (3): 211–21.

  10. Shea, M. Kyla, and Rachel M. Holden. 2012. “Vitamin K Status and Vascular Calcification: Evidence from Observational and Clinical Studies.” Advances in Nutrition 3 (2): 158–65.

  11. Shea, M. Kyla, Christopher J. O’Donnell, Udo Hoffmann, Gerard E. Dallal, Bess Dawson-Hughes, José M. Ordovas, Paul A. Price, Matthew K. Williamson, and Sarah L. Booth. 2009. “Vitamin K Supplementation and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium in Older Men and Women.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (6): 1799–1807.

  12. Masterjohn, Christopher. 2007. “Vitamin D Toxicity Redefined: Vitamin K and the Molecular Mechanism.” Medical Hypotheses 68 (5): 1026–34.

  13. Deng, Xinqing, Yiqing Song, Joann E. Manson, Lisa B. Signorello, Shumin M. Zhang, Martha J. Shrubsole, Reid M. Ness, Douglas L. Seidner, and Qi Dai. 2013. “Magnesium, Vitamin D Status and Mortality: Results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III.”BMC Medicine 11 (August): 187.

  14. Uwitonze, Anne Marie, and Mohammed S. Razzaque. 2018. “Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function.” The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 118 (3): 181–89.

  15. Johansson, S., and H. Melhus. 2001. “Vitamin A Antagonizes Calcium Response to Vitamin D in Man.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 16 (10): 1899–1905.

  16. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Edited by A. Catharine Ross, Christine L. Taylor, Ann L. Yaktine, and Heather B. Del Valle. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).

  17. German Nutrition Society. "New reference values for vitamin D." Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60(4):241-246. doi:10.1159/000337547
  18. Holick, Michael F., Neil C. Binkley, Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Catherine M. Gordon, David A. Hanley, Robert P. Heaney, M. Hassan Murad, Connie M. Weaver, and Endocrine Society. 2011. “Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96 (7): 1911–30.

  19. Robert Koch Institute. 2019. "Wie ist die Vitamin-D-Versorgung in Deutschland?" https://www.rki.de/SharedDocs/FAQ/Vitamin_D/FAQ08.html, Aufruf: 21.10.2024.
  20. Amrein, Karin, Mario Scherkl, Magdalena Hoffmann, Stefan Neuwersch-Sommeregger, Markus Köstenberger, Adelina Tmava Berisha, Gennaro Martucci, Stefan Pilz, and Oliver Malle. 2020. “Vitamin D Deficiency 2.0: An Update on the Current Status Worldwide.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (11): 1498–1513.

  21. Dierkes, Jutta. 2019. "Vitamin D – eine Übersicht über die Versorgungslage und Gesundheitseffekte" Trillium Diagnostik, Labormanagement Heft 3/2019.
  22. Parva, Naveen R., Satish Tadepalli, Pratiksha Singh, Andrew Qian, Rajat Joshi, Hyndavi Kandala, Vinod K. Nookala, and Pramil Cheriyath. 2018. “Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in the US Population (2011-2012).” Cureus 10 (6): e2741.

  23. Cashman, Kevin D., Tony Sheehy, and Colette M. O’Neill. 2019. “Is Vitamin D Deficiency a Public Health Concern for Low Middle Income Countries? A Systematic Literature Review.” European Journal of Nutrition 58 (1): 433–53.

  24. Wacker, Matthias, and Michael F. Holick. 2013. “Sunlight and Vitamin D: A Global Perspective for Health.” Dermato-Endocrinology 5 (1): 51–108.

  25. Forrest, KY, Stuhldreher, WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults.  Nutr Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):48-54.

  26. Chalcraft, Jenna R., Linda M. Cardinal, Perry J. Wechsler, Bruce W. Hollis, Kenneth G. Gerow, Brenda M. Alexander, Jill F. Keith, and D. Enette Larson-Meyer. 2020. “Vitamin D Synthesis Following a Single Bout of Sun Exposure in Older and Younger Men and Women.” Nutrients 12 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082237.

  27. Silva, Mariana Costa, and Tania Weber Furlanetto. 2018. “Intestinal Absorption of Vitamin D: A Systematic Review.” Nutrition Reviews 76 (1): 60–76.

  28. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, and Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. National Academies Press.

  29. Wang, Hanmin, Weiwen Chen, Dongqing Li, Xiaoe Yin, Xiaode Zhang, Nancy Olsen, and Song Guo Zheng. 2017. “Vitamin D and Chronic Diseases.”Aging and Disease 8 (3): 346–53.

  30. Aranow, Cynthia. 2011. “Vitamin D and the Immune System.” Journal of Investigative Medicine: The Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 59 (6): 881–86.

  31. Li, Xinyi, Yan Liu, Yingdong Zheng, Peiyu Wang, and Yumei Zhang. 2018. “The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Nutrients 10 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030375.

  32. Pittas, Anastassios G., Bess Dawson-Hughes, Patricia Sheehan, James H. Ware, William C. Knowler, Vanita R. Aroda, Irwin Brodsky, et al. 2019. “Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes.” The New England Journal of Medicine 381 (6): 520–30.

  33. Kassi, Eva, Christos Adamopoulos, Efthimia K. Basdra, and Athanasios G. Papavassiliou. 2013. “Role of Vitamin D in Atherosclerosis.” Circulation 128 (23): 2517–31.

  34. Al Mheid, Ibhar, and Arshed A. Quyyumi. 2017. “Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: Controversy Unresolved.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 70 (1): 89–100.

  35. Yin, Lu, José M. Ordóñez-Mena, Tianhui Chen, Ben Schöttker, Volker Arndt, and Hermann Brenner. 2013. “Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Concentration and Total Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Preventive Medicine 57 (6): 753–64.

  36. Han, Jianmin, Xiaofei Guo, Xiao Yu, Shuang Liu, Xinyue Cui, Bo Zhang, and Hui Liang. 2019. “25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Total Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” Nutrients 11 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102295.

  37. Keum, N., and E. Giovannucci. 2014. “Vitamin D Supplements and Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Cancer 111 (5): 976–80.

  38. Earthman, C. P., L. M. Beckman, K. Masodkar, and S. D. Sibley. 2012. “The Link between Obesity and Low Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: Considerations and Implications.” International Journal of Obesity 36 (3): 387–96.

  39. Anglin, Rebecca E. S., Zainab Samaan, Stephen D. Walter, and Sarah D. McDonald. 2013. “Vitamin D Deficiency and Depression in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 202 (February): 100–107.

  40. Hughes, D. A., and R. Norton. 2009. “Vitamin D and Respiratory Health.” Clinical and Experimental Immunology 158 (1): 20–25.

  41. Baktash, Vadir, Tom Hosack, Nishil Patel, Shital Shah, Pirabakaran Kandiah, Koenraad Van den Abbeele, Amit K. J. Mandal, and Constantinos G. Missouris. 2020. “Vitamin D Status and Outcomes for Hospitalised Older Patients with COVID-19.” Postgraduate Medical Journal, August. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712.

  42. Carpagnano, G. E., V. Di Lecce, V. N. Quaranta, A. Zito, E. Buonamico, E. Capozza, A. Palumbo, G. Di Gioia, V. N. Valerio, and O. Resta. 2021. “Vitamin D Deficiency as a Predictor of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure due to COVID-19.” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 44 (4): 765–71.

  43. Schwalfenberg, Gerry K. 2011. “A Review of the Critical Role of Vitamin D in the Functioning of the Immune System and the Clinical Implications of Vitamin D Deficiency.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 55 (1): 96–108.